Seasonal and Annual Changes of Some Climate Factors in Different Areas of Loose Dairy Cattle Barns
Abstract
This study was conducted to determine the changes of some climatic factors throughout the year in different barn areas in a loose system dairy cattle shelter. For this, digital temperature-humidity meters were placed on different shelter areas, and measurements were made for a year. By developing a different and new model as well as the maximum, minimum and average values in a certain time period in five different areas of the shelter, the temperature and humidity values were categorized into specific groups (stressful, slightly stressful, suitable, etc.) and it was determined how long the animals were exposed to what temperature and humidity values. According to the results, the animals were exposed to temperatures between 5-25 °C for approximately 80% of their time in the spring and autumn seasons, 40% in the winter season, and 50-55% in the summer season. At optimum temperatures (10-20 °C), the animals spent approximately 50% of their total time in spring and autumn, 20% in summer, and 15% in winter. Animals were exposed to heat stress (ti≥32 °C) for only 5-7% of their total time in summer and to cold stress (ti <-5 °C) for only 6-14% of the time in winter. Dairy cattle were found to spend 60% of their annual total time in the appropriate temperature range and approximately 33% of the annual time in the optimum temperature range. Animals were exposed to heat stress and cold stress for about 6-7% and 2-3%, respectively of their total time per year. Animals were exposed to the relative humidity in the range of 40-90%, for approximately 50-60% of their total time throughout the year. According to the results of the research, it was determined that open system shelters planned to protect animals from cold in winter and heat in summer, not create a significant climatic stress on animals.
Keywords
Full Text:
PDFReferences
Berman A, Folman Y, Kaim M, Mamen M, Herz Z, Wolfenson D, Arieli A, Graber Y (1985). Upper critical temperatures and forced ventilation effects for high-yielding dairy cows in a subtropical climate, Journal of Dairy Science, 68 (6): 1488-1495.
Blackshaw JK, Blackshaw A (1994). Heat stress in cattle and the effect of shade on production and behaviour: a review, Animal Production Science, 34 (2): 285-295.
Brouček J (1997). The effect of high temperatures on dairy cattle, Agriculture.
Brouček J, Novák P.A.V. E. L, Vokřálová J, Šoch M, Kišac P, Uhrinčať M (2009). Effect of high temperature on milk production of cows from free-stall housing with natural ventilation. Slovak Journal of Animal Science, 42(4): 167-173.
Ekmekyapar T (1991). Hayvan barınaklarında çevre koşullarının düzenlenmesi, Atatürk Üniversitesi Ziraat Fakültesi Yayınları No:306, Tarımsal Yapılar ve Sulama Bölümü, Erzurum, Turkey.
Ekmekyapar T (2001). Tarımsal yapılar, A.Ü. Ziraat Fakültesi Ders Yayınları No: 204, Tarımsal Yapılar ve Sulama Bölümü, Erzurum, Turkey.
FAO (Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations) (2016). Animal environmental requirements, Rome, Italy:FAO.
Gaafar HMA, El-Gendy ME, Bassiouni MI, Shamiah SM, Halawa AA, Abu El-Hamd MA (2011). Effect of heat stress on perfprmance of dairy friesian cows. 1- Milk production and composition, Researcher, 3(5): 85-93.
Herbut P, Angrecka S (2012). Forming of temperature-humidity index (THI) and milk production of cows in the free-stall barn during the period of summer heat. Animal Science Papers and Reports vol. 30 (4): 363-372.
Igono M, Bjotvedt G, Sanford-Crane H (1992). Environmental profile and critical temperature effects on milk production of Holstein cows in desert climate, International journal of biometeorology, 36 (2): 77-87.
Kadzere C, Murphy M, Silanikove N, Maltz E (2002). Heat stress in lactating dairy cows: a review, Livestock production science, 77 (1): 59-91.
Keown FJ, Grant RG (1997). How to reduce heat stres in dairy cattle, http://www. unl.edu/IANR/PUBS/extnpubs/dairy/1063 html:
Knı́žková I, Kunc P, Koubková M, Flusser J, Dolezal O (2002). Evaluation of naturally ventilated dairy barn management by a thermographic method. Livestock Production Science, 77(2-3): 349-353.
Kume S, Toharmat T, Kobayashi N (1998). Effect of restricted feed intake of dams and heat stress on mineral status of newborn calves, Journal of Dairy Science, 81 (6): 1581-1590.
Maton A, Daelemans J, Lambrecht J (1985). Housing of Animals, Elsevier Science Publishers B.V., Netherlands.
Muller CJC, Botha JA (1994). Effect of shade on various parameters of Friesian cows in a Mediterranean climate in South Africa. 1. Feed and water intake, milk production and milk composition, S.AftJ.Anim.Sci. 24(2): 49-55.
Nardone A, Ronchi B, Lacetera N, Ranieri MS, Bernabucci U (2010). Effects of climate changes on animal production and sustainability of livestock systems, Livestock Science, 130 (1): 57-69.
Novák P, Zabloudil F, Šoch M, Venglovský J (2000). Stable environment–significant factor for the welfare and productivity of cows, Proc. Xth Int. Congress on Animal Hygiene, Maastricht, The Netherlands, 1019-1024.
NRC (1981). Effect of environment on nutrient requirements of domestic animals, National Academies Press, p.
NRC (1989). In: Revised Edition Update. Nutrient Requirements of Dairy Cattle, National Academy Press, Washington, DC, p.
OACC (Organic Agriculture Centre of Canada) (2014). Animal welfare on organic farms fact sheet series. Heat stress in ruminants. Ontario Ministry of Agriculture (OMAFRA), Agriculture and Agric-Food Canada, Produced in consultation with the ECOA Animal Welfare Task Force, 1-4. www. oacc. İnfo.
Okuroğlu M, Yağanoğlu A (1993). Kültürteknik, Atatürk Üniversitesi Ziraat Fakültesi Ders Yayınları No: 157, Atatürk University, Erzurum, Turkey.
Olgun, M., 1988, Süt Sığırı Ahırlarında Optimum Çevre Koşulları, Hasad Aylık Tarım Dergisi, Yıl, 4.
Roenfeldt S (1998). You can’t afford to ignore heat stress, Dairy Manage, 35 (5): 6-12.
Sainsbury D, Sainsbury P (1988). General environmental effects, In: Livestock health and housing, Eds: Sainsbury, D. ve Sainsbury, P., ELBS, Bailliere Tindall, London., p.
Shinde S, Taneja VK (1986). Effect of physical environment dairy milk yield in crossbreds, Amin. Breed. Abst. 54 (12): 7668.
Sahin E, Ugurlu N (2017). Effects of heat stress on dairy cattle, Eurasian Journal of Agricultural Research, 1(1): 37-43.
Sahin E, Ugurlu N, Acar B (2019). The effect of different housing areas on temperature humidity index for loose dairy cattle housing, International Journal of Agriculture and Economic Development, 7(1): 10-19.
Ugurlu, N. ve Uzal, S., 2010, The effect of new designed micro animal housing on the air speed distribution in the barn for providing of climatic comfort to the cattles, Journal of Animal and Veterinary Advances, 9 (1), 169-172.
Vtoryi V, Vtoryi S, Ylyin R (2018). Investigations of temperature and humidity conditions in barn in winter. Engıneerıng For Rural Development. Latvia University of.
Yüksel AN (1984). Trakya bölgesi hayvan barınaklarının planlanmasında göz önünde tutulması gereken genel ilkeler, Trakya Üniversitesi Ziraat Fakültesi, Trakya Hayvancılık Semineri, 27 Nisan 1984, Tekirdağ.
Wathes C, Jones C, Webster A (1983). Ventilation, air hygiene and animal health, Veterinary Record, 113 (24): 554-559.
Webster AJF (1994). Comfort and injury, In: Livestock housing Eds: Wathes, C. M. ve Charles, D. R.: University Press, Cambridge, p. 49-67.
West JW (2003). Effects of Heat-Stress on Production in Dairy Cattle. Journal of Dairy Science 86: 2131-2144.
WMO (1989). Animal health and production at extremes of weather (Reports of the CAgM Working Groups on Weather and Animal Disease and Weather and Animal Health). Technical Note No. 191 (WMO-NO. 685), Genova.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.15316/SJAFS.2022.012
Refbacks
- There are currently no refbacks.
Bu eser Creative Commons Alıntı-GayriTicari-Türetilemez 4.0 Uluslararası Lisansı ile lisanslanmıştır.